Ultrasound Vascular Registry Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Which artery is NOT typically classified as low resistive?
• What condition is indicated by vertigo?
• Which artery serves the heart's own blood supply?
• The Right Common Carotid Artery (CCA) is a branch of which artery?
• What is the term for a channel that diverts blood flow from one artery to another, typically to work around an occluded portion of a vessel?
• What does the TRAM flap stand for and what is its primary use?
• Which three acoustic windows are utilized in transcranial Doppler ultrasound?
• Whose principle states that total fluid energy along a streamline of fluid flow is constant?
• Where is the pressure greatest within the arterial system?
• What is the name of the intracranial space that drains blood into the internal jugular vein?
• What is a congenital anomaly of the arterial system characterized by narrowing or stricture of the thoracic aorta?
• Which factors affect the movement of fluids?
• What is the ideal angle for vascular studies to achieve optimal results?
• What is the expected change in ABI for abnormal patients after exercise?
• What type of energy loss is associated with increased friction between fluid molecules?
• What alternative method is used to stress peripheral circulation in patients with pulmonary problems or using mobility aids?
• Which one of the following veins my have valves only 25% of the time?
• What does paresis signify concerning muscle function?
• What is the name for small projections into the vessel lumen that can occur within an abnormal bypass graft?
• Which pressure is more reliable than ankle pressure in diabetic patients?
• What is an endoleak in relation to graft complications?
• What is the primary method used to visualize blood flow and identify blockages in vascular ultrasound?
• Which type of blood flow does the portal vein facilitate?
• What physiological response might occur during "steal syndrome"?
• Where does the exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and tissue take place?
• What type of energy is primarily associated with the circulation of blood?
• What is usually the first branch of the external carotid artery (ECA)?
• What does the term "hypercoagulability" refer to in the context of Virchow's Triad?
• What arteries branch off the aorta just below the level of the renal arteries in females?
• What is the primary difference between venules and veins?
• In what areas can palpable pulses be felt?
• How do you calculate % stenosis in a vessel?
• What does chronic leg ischemia most commonly result from?
• What is the medical term for double vision?
• How long does it take for ABI values to return to resting levels in patients with multi-level disease?
• Where are both renal arteries located in relation to the renal veins?
• In Doppler ultrasound, what effect does increasing the Doppler scale have?
• What condition is characterized by rapid cell proliferation in the intimal layer, potentially leading to stenosis of a bypass graft?
• What do the three acoustic windows in transcranial Doppler enable?
• Arteries progressively decrease in size from the largest being which of the following?
• What does aphasia indicate in a patient?
• What lifestyle change may help prevent venous hypertension?
• What vein is responsible for draining the lower half of the body into the right atrium?
• What type of blood vessel acts as the smallest branch of an artery that leads into the capillary network?
• What commonly triggers the mechanism for hypertension?
• In laminar flow, where are lower flow frequencies typically found?
• What is the carotid siphon in relation to the internal carotid artery (ICA)?
• What is the purpose of a graft in vascular procedures?
• What are the two most frequent complications of aneurysms?
• What condition is indicated by a bluish or cyanotic appearance of a lower extremity?
• Which statement most accurately describes inertia in fluid dynamics?
• How is single level disease identified through Reactive Hyperemia?
• What is the main purpose of spectral Doppler in ultrasound vascular analysis?
• What term describes a color that results from deficient blood supply, causing the skin to appear pale?
• The Deep Palmar arch is a branch of which artery?
• In what order should segmental pressures be taken during an arterial study?
• What does the SMA primarily supply?
• A patient with abdominal pain after meals may indicate which condition?
• The plantar arch in the foot consists of what branch from the posterior tibial artery?
• Which artery is responsible for collateral circulation in the pelvic region?
• What two factors are significantly reduced in the presence of a significant stenosis?
• What is a defining characteristic of the 4 cuff method in segmental pressure studies?
• Which vein carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?
• What is the longest vein in the human body?
• Which artery unites with the deep plantar artery to complete the plantar arch?
• What is a common symptom of myopia?
• What is Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome?
• If resistance vessels constrict, what happens to overall blood flow?
• Which technique utilizes FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) for signal analysis with time on the x-axis?
• Arterial ulcerations are typically associated with which of the following characteristics?
• What are the three essential components required for a successful bypass graft?
• At what pressure difference suggests obstructive disease in the leg with lower pressure?
• What is a significant difference between the 3 cuff and 4 cuff method in arterial studies?
• Which Doppler technique can provide range resolution and a variable sample size?
• What type of pressure is created by the weight of a column of blood within the vessels of the body?
• To what structure is the transplanted renal artery anastomosed in a renal transplant?
• Which vessel runs along the medial side of the psoas muscle and underneath the inguinal ligament?
• If blood pressure rises, how do resistance vessels respond?
• What is the primary function of arterioles?
• In hemodialysis, what is "steal syndrome" characterized by?
• Which two arterial sites are alternative options for the ankle pressure if necessary?
• What type of error occurs when measuring ABI in an incompressible arterial vessel?
• Brescia-Cimino fistula, straight, and looped synthetic graft are examples of what type of medical access?
• Which vessels should be evaluated for patency before and after liver transplants?
• What does paresthesia typically feel like?
• What principle states that total energy content remains constant when fluid flows without a change in velocity?
• Which method is NOT effective for reducing noise on a spectral trace?
• What is the typical treatment for anterior compartment syndrome?
• Which artery provides the primary blood supply to the lower limbs?
• Which Doppler method employs individual frequencies displayed by the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) method?
• What does a 17-34% transient drop in ankle pressure indicate in normal limbs during reactive hyperemia?
• What is the inflammation of the superficial veins, often seen with thrombus?
• Which arteries and veins are assessed to determine impotency related to peripheral vascular insufficiency?
• Which of the following is an example of low resistive abdominal vessels?
• What is the primary use of DC coupling in ultrasound studies?
• Which layer of the aortic wall develops a tear that can lead to blood leakage and formation of a false lumen?
• Through which cranial cavity does the vertebral artery enter the skull?
• Which artifact is caused by strong reflectors or excessive gain in Doppler imaging?
• What technique uses two PZT crystals, one for sending and the other for receiving signals?
• What is referred to as an anastomosis?
• What does the ulnar artery become as it travels distally in the forearm to wrist?
• What anatomical structure do the posterior arch vein perforators primarily serve?
• What is the normal length of kidneys in adults?
• What type of vein primarily relies on surrounding tissues for support due to the absence of valves?
• A lower extremity exhibiting a brownish discoloration likely indicates which of the following?
• What arteries branch off the aorta just below the level of the renal arteries in males?
• What does the term erythema refer to in a clinical context?
• What is considered a normal renal to aorta ratio?
• For accurate results, what percentage should the width of the cuff used in arterial segmentals be greater than the limb?
• Which perforators are significant in the development of venous stasis ulcers?
• What is the term for a small terminal artery with muscular walls that continues into the capillary network?
• How long does it take for ABI values to return to resting levels in patients with single level disease?
• Which drug is an example of an antiplatelet that decreases platelet aggregation?
• What is the condition characterized by inflammation of lower extremity arterial vessels leading to thrombosis?
• What layer of the arterial wall contains the vasa vasorum?
• What vessel is formed when the vertebral arteries unite in the skull?
• What is a major branch of the dorsalis pedis artery?
• Which equation defines the relationship between pressure, resistance, and volume flow?
• What SMA velocity indicates a significant stenosis of 70% or more?
• What does a renal vascular abnormality typically suggest about kidney health?
• What are two examples of types of true aneurysms?
• What is referred to as Amaurosis fugax?
• The smallest arteries are known as what type of vessels?
• What is the primary purpose of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTLA)?
• Which of the following are branches of the celiac trunk?
• Which artery is utilized as a recipient site for free flaps in breast reconstruction?
• What physiological response occurs in most vascular beds during increased blood flow demand?
• Which syndrome occurs in males and is caused by obstruction of the aorta, leading to fatigue in the hips, thighs, and calves during exercise?
• What is the term for the ability of vascular beds to maintain a constant level of blood flow over a wide range of perfusion pressures?
• What is the first branch of the aortic arch?
• What causes thoracic outlet syndrome involving its arterial component?
• What condition is characterized by visible, swollen veins that may be painful?
• Which veins are classified as deep veins of the upper extremity?
• Which method could help to increase the PRF or Nyquist limit?
• What segmental pressure drop indicates significant obstruction between two consecutive levels?
• The Left Common Carotid Artery (CCA) originates from which structure?
• What is the primary source of blood flow to the hand?
• What term describes the pressure within the vascular system due to the weight of a column of blood?
• What specific veins in the body are known not to contain valves?
• What is the effect of exercise on distal peripheral resistance?
• What is the term for an abnormal connection between a high-pressure arterial system and a low-pressure venous system?
• What are the three main veins that drain the head and neck?
• Where is spectral broadening and elevated velocities typically seen in a stenosis?
• What condition is indicated by intermittent digital ischemia occurring in response to cold exposure or emotional stress?
• Which condition is characterized by the presence of a thrombus in a superficial vein?
• If fast upstroke and no diastolic flow is observed in CCA, where is the disease likely located?
• What happens to arterioles when nerve fibers release norepinephrine?
• A dumbbell-shaped vein is characterized by what level of transmural pressure?
• Which of the following is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis?
• What does an individual experience with amaurosis fugax?
• What diagnostic procedure may be used to assess venous health?
• What can an increase in cortical echogenicity indicate in a renal transplant?
• What toe pressure indicates that a foot or toe ulcer has not healed?
• What type of energy is represented by intravascular pressure supplied by heart contractions?
• What happens to blood vessels when scanning a warm extremity compared to a cool extremity?
• What is the most common arterial pathology?
• Which vessel passes through the interosseous membrane to join the Dorsalis pedis at the ankle?
• What is the usual consequence of prolonged venous hypertension?
• Which of the following can cause falsely elevated velocities during a carotid exam?
• What is an AV Fistula?
• What occurs when the frequency of the wave received is different from the transmitted wave due to relative motion?
• As the radial artery travels laterally and distally in the forearm to wrist, what does it become?
• Which symptom is associated with aphasia?
• What type of flow is characterized as low resistance and typically feeds dilated vascular beds?
• During exhalation, where is the pressure increased in the body?
• What ABI value is considered normal?
• Which organ is NOT directly supplied by the celiac trunk?
• How long should the radial artery be compressed during the Allen test?
• What is the expected response of cavernous arteries following injection during an assessment?
• In which muscles are the lower extremity venous sinuses located?
• What is NOT a recommended action to improve spectral trace quality?
• What is a characteristic of color Doppler imaging?
• Where is the highest peak systolic velocity (PSV) typically seen in stenotic vessels?
• What are indications for preoperative vein mapping?
• What indicates a potential subclavian artery stenosis greater than 50%?
• What type of condition is diagnosed with a combination of symptoms including chronic venous insufficiency?
• What type of Doppler technique uses color coding to display velocities and blood flow direction?
• What defines an arterial vessel's role in the body?
• What procedure keeps the greater saphenous vein (GSV) in its anatomical position to bypass an occluded artery?
• What is the medical term for shortness of breath?
• Which two vessels does the popliteal vein receive blood from?
• If you see a slow upstroke and no diastolic flow in the CCA, what location is likely affected by disease?
• Using a unilateral transtemporal approach, which vessels can be accessed?
• What blood component is primarily involved in clot formation in veins?
• What is the term for a fluid's tendency to resist changes in its velocity?
• Which artery receives the majority of blood flow from the Common Carotid Artery (CCA)?
• Which artery is the primary source of blood flow to the stomach?
• What does plethysmography measure?
• What are the characteristics of the vascular beds fed by the internal carotid artery (ICA)?
• What skin condition is often observed with arterial ulcers?
• Which of these arteries supplies blood to the femoral region?
• What vein is created by the confluence of the subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein?
• What does a significant difference in blood flow velocities indicate in vascular studies?
• What is an example of a factor influencing blood flow in a vessel?
• Which of the following is not a component of Virchow's Triad?
• On which side of the forearm does the radial artery run?
• What symptom might indicate the presence of thrombophlebitis?
• What does a dampened, weak signaled waveform associated with renal artery stenosis indicate?
• The SFA passes through an opening in what tendon to enter the popliteal fossa?
• Which vessel is formed by the confluence of the right and left innominate veins?
• What do the external iliac arteries primarily supply?
• What does viscosity measure in a fluid?
• What organs are supplied by the celiac trunk?
• Which two veins unite to form the innominate/brachiocephalic vein?
• When evaluating renal artery disease, what would a patient exhibiting tardus-parvus waveform typically suggest?
• What governs the amount of blood that enters the arterial system?
• What is the tibioperoneal trunk?
• What is the surgical procedure called that involves the removal of atherosclerotic material from an artery?
• Which type of energy loss occurs from deviations in flow direction and velocity?
• What is a secondary use of the internal mammary artery in cardiac procedures?
• What occurs during Reactive Hyperemia?
• What is the role of resistance vessels like arterioles?
• Where can arterial ulcerations often be found on the body?
• What does hemoptysis mean?
• What is the definition of compartment syndrome?
• What does homonymous hemianopia describe?
• What increases within the sinusoids when the portal vein carries blood into the liver?
• What events lead up to the beginning of cardiac contractions?
• What is the region called where the SFA terminates and the popliteal artery begins?
• What is the main function of the hepatic vein?
• What is the primary driver for fluid movement in an arterial system?
• What does the Reynolds Number predict?
• Which term best describes the loss of depth accuracy in Doppler imaging due to high velocities?
• What type of energy is represented by the velocity of moving blood?
• What symptom does plethysmography help assess in patients?
• Which layer of the arterial wall is the thickest and made up largely of elastic type of smooth muscle and connective tissue?
• In which scenario can the renal to aorta ratio (RAR) not be used?
• What are the most distal branches of the aorta that supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall, and lower limbs?
• What is the primary function of the tunica intima?
• What is a small vein that is continuous with a capillary bed called?
• What condition would most likely decrease blood viscosity?
• What is crucial for the successful compression of pseudoaneurysms?
• Which of the following conditions can cause inaccurately elevated ABI readings?
• What can venous hypertension lead to?
• Which two arteries branch off from the internal carotid artery (ICA)?
• What is a common indication for using the basilic vein in upper extremity mapping?
• Which veins are responsible for carrying blood from superficial veins into deep veins?
• The basilar artery divides into which arteries?
• What is the term for information greater than half the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) that cannot be displayed?
• Which color change indicates potential underlying arterial issues due to deprived blood supply?
• How is PTLA performed during a procedure?
• How is internal friction within a fluid quantified?
• What characteristic distinguishes high resistive vessels from low resistive ones?
• Where does the radial artery terminate?
• What is myopia commonly known as?
• What is a common location for a dissecting aneurysm to occur?
• Which veins are classified as superficial veins of the upper extremity?
• Which five arterial vessels are commonly evaluated in an upper extremity arterial study?
• What does PPG mainly evaluate?
• What is one of the defining characteristics of a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?
• What ABI value is typically associated with patients exhibiting claudication?
• Where is the lowest pressure in the vascular system found?
• What is commonly assessed during a vascular study for stenosis?
• What is the normal velocity range for the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)?
• Proximal to the aortic arch, what are the first branches of the ascending aorta?
• What term describes a bluish discoloration resulting from a concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin?
• How does the posterior tibial artery run down the leg?
• What is the primary purpose of radial artery mapping?
• At what velocity threshold are Analog Doppler devices unable to portray accurate measurements?
• What ABI value is indicative of severe arterial disease with rest pain?
• What is the triangular region located anterior to and below the elbow called?
• Presence of hair loss and toenail thickening can indicate which type of ulcer?
• How is the resistive index (RI) calculated for kidneys?
• What is recognized as the largest intra-arterial connection in the human body?
• What term describes the pressure within a vein compared to the pressure outside the vein?
• The confluence of which two veins forms the Portal vein?
• What is the primary characteristic of an embolism?
• What is the purpose of plethysmography in vascular studies?
• What are the tiny vessels found in the adventitial layer of the arterial wall that carry blood to the walls of the largest arteries?
• Which of the following is NOT a branch of the aortic arch?
• What is the longest vein in the human body?
• What is the significance of a segmental pressure drop greater than 30mmHg?
• The radial artery contributes to which part of the palmar arch?
• What are the superficial veins of the upper extremity?
• Which artery divides into the radial and ulnar arteries?
• Which law describes the steady laminar flow of Newtonian fluids?
• With significant stenosis, which measure can be relied on to observe compromised blood flow?
• What do the internal iliac arteries primarily supply?
• What type of arterial study uses radiofrequency energy and a strong magnetic field to produce images of blood flow?
• Which complication can arise from thrombophlebitis?
• What type of blood flow occurs in normal conditions rather than during stenosis?
• Where is the highest pressure in the vascular system found?
• Low resistance in a fluid system typically yields what type of flow rate?
• What is the primary function of perforators in the venous system?
• How many major branches does the external carotid artery (ECA) have?
• Which energy form is primarily responsible for the hydrostatic pressure measured in the vascular system?
• What primary function do the common iliac arteries serve?
• What determines the amount of blood that leaves the arterial system?
• Is it common to see multiple renal arteries bilaterally?
• What test evaluates the patency of the palmar arch?
• What condition is considered a non-atherosclerotic vessel disease that primarily affects young smokers?
• What is May-Thurner Syndrome?
• What part of the liver does the portal vein carry blood into?
• What phenomenon can occur due to changes in vessel geometry and curvature?
• Which anatomical structure can cause reversible celiac artery stenosis when compressed?
• The vertebral and internal mammary arteries are branches of which artery?
• Which vein is formed by the confluence of the brachial and basilic veins?
• What is the role of the superior vena cava in the circulatory system?
• Which vessels are considered high resistive among abdominal arteries?
• What causes fleeting neurologic dysfunction with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours?
• Approximately what percentage of blood flow to the liver is supplied by the portal vein?
• Where are venous ulcerations commonly located and how do they appear?
• What do the external iliac arteries turn into at the inguinal ligament?
• What is the typical mean velocity for the MCA with a TMVA of 55?
• Which location is the most common site for bypass graft pseudoaneurysms to occur?
• Which term is used to describe a sudden loss of balance or feeling faint?
• What is considered the single best vasodilator of resistance vessels within skeletal muscle?
• What generates the pressure wave to move the blood?
• What medical term is used to describe pallor in response to arterial blockage?
• What condition results from thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the artery wall?
• What type of blood vessel is characterized by having only an endothelium membrane where nutrient and waste exchange occurs?
• Which layer is responsible for vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
• What vessels are accessed using the transforaminal/suboccipital approach?
• What anatomical structure does the external iliac artery transition to in the thigh?
• What type of venous studies does AC coupling typically evaluate?
• Which type of cerebrovascular event is often associated with an embolic source from the heart or carotid artery?
• What are the most commonly used arteries for an angiographic exam?
• What is the term for pain in muscles usually occurring during exercise that subsides with rest?
• What is the purpose of auscultation in medical practice?
• If symptoms of neurologic dysfunction last more than 24 hours and complete recovery doesn't occur, what is this condition called?
• What area does the ulnar artery predominantly supply?
• Which of the following veins are considered deep veins of the lower extremity?
• What should happen to the ABI in a normal patient post-exercise?
• What two factors are essential for the movement of any fluid medium between two points?
• What two factors predict the resistance offered by an arteriovenous fistula (AVF)?
• Which artery is also known as the hypogastric artery?
• What layer of the arterial wall is made up of fibrous connective tissue?
• What Doppler angle is preferred for optimizing arterial study results?
• What would likely increase the viscosity of blood?
• What type of flow occurs in a vessel when it widens, resulting in a Doppler shift seen above and below the baseline differently?
• Which artery supplies blood to the cecum?
• What color suggests dilated vessels secondary to reactive hyperemia, resulting in reddened skin?
• What is the most common location for a true aneurysm?
• What condition may result from trauma or embolism alongside acute arterial occlusion?
• What is the underlying pathophysiology of fibromuscular dysplasia?
• Which measure of velocity is obtained using Transcranial Doppler?
• At what point in a stenosis are flow frequencies dampened?
• What is another name for the deep femoral artery?
• What is a significant advantage of MRI studies over traditional angiograms?
• What artery arises from the abdominal aorta about 3-4 cm above its bifurcation?
• What vessel does the anterior tibial artery become once it crosses the dorsum of the foot?
• Which vessel runs anterior to the aorta?
• Which of the following describes the process of excessive fluid leaking into surrounding tissue?
• During a Doppler examination, what distinguishes helical flow from other types?
• Which arterial condition is characterized by the symptoms of the 6 P's: pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, and polar?
• Which of the following describes the process of ascending venography?
• How is the renal to aorta ratio (RAR) calculated?
• Which type of medication can decrease blood viscosity and is commonly used to address arterial vessel issues?
• In a rigid tube, energy losses are primarily attributed to which factor?
• What instrument is commonly used to measure changes in volume within an organ or the whole body due to fluctuations in blood or air content?
• What is the normal PSV range for cavernous arteries of the penis?
• What three branches are sometimes known as the trifurcation?
• What type of venography uses contrast injected into the CFV?
• How is the arterial flow characterized proximal to an AVF?
• What condition describes the increase in smooth muscle cells after vascular injury?
• What is the term for the abnormal enlargement of an artery due to a weakening of the vessel wall?
• Which of the following is a potential complication following an angiographic exam?
• Which veins are commonly mapped for lower extremities?
• How far below the celiac trunk is the SMA located?
• What condition is described as multiple arterial stenoses that appear as a "string of beads" in imaging?
• What is a possible complication of an untreated arteriovenous fistula?
• What is observed at the exit of a stenosis?
• Gravitational energy in blood flow is equivalent to what phenomenon?
• What arteries confluence to form the basilar artery?
• What is an abnormal renal to aorta ratio indicative of?
• What occurs to the pressure in the thoracic and abdominal cavities during the Valsalva maneuver?
• The plantar arch in the foot consists of what branch from the dorsalis pedis artery?
• What happens to renal arterial resistance during rejection of a renal transplant?
• What anatomical structure induces symptoms of neurogenic compression in thoracic outlet syndrome?
• What term is used to describe vessels involved in regulating blood flow, also known as arterioles?
• What is the primary role of renin in the body related to blood pressure?
• What does the term paresthesia refer to?
• What does induration of tissue typically signify?
• What is considered an abnormal resistive index (RI)?
• What are the signs of rejection in a renal transplant?
• What is a secondary branch of the anterior tibial artery?
• What might be the outcome of an abnormal RI or RAR?
• Which vessel is the first branch off the distal popliteal artery?
• What symptom is indicative of acute arterial occlusion?
• Which vessel courses posterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC) in the abdomen?
• What diagnostic method is effective for assessing renal transplant rejection?
• What is a common treatment for edema caused by venous hypertension?
• What are Avalvular veins?
• What does ataxia refer to in medical terminology?
• What are the three components to Virchow's Triad?
• During the Allen test, what is the indication of color return in the hand?
• Which vein does the axillary vein convert into as it courses toward the heart?
• Which two vessels supply blood to the brain?
• How is the Ankle/Brachial Index (ABI) calculated?
• Which term describes blood pooling due to improper venous function?
• What distinguishing feature separates low resistant waveforms from high resistant waveforms?
• In terms of risk factors, which of the following is the least controllable?
• What form of Raynaud's is characterized by ischemia due to digital arterial spasm, commonly seen in young women?
• What vein is formed by the confluence of the axillary and cephalic veins?
• What vessel becomes the common femoral artery in the groin region?
• What happens to blood flow during Reactive Hyperemia?
• What frequency probe is typically used for conducting arterial studies?
• What event results in retrograde flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery?
• What is popliteal artery entrapment syndrome characterized by?
• At which end of a hemodialysis access graft is stenosis more commonly observed?
• If a patient's lower extremity appears pallid, what is a potential cause?
• What is the first branch of the subclavian artery?
• Which vessels are accessed through an isilateral transorbital approach?
• The posterior tibial artery primarily supplies blood to which area?
• What is the response of peripheral vessels when inflow pressure declines due to stenosis?
• What happens to the blood flow pattern at the narrowest part of a stenosis?
• Which type of Raynaud's is also known as obstructive Raynaud's syndrome and may be the first manifestation of Buerger's disease?
• What is the inner thin layer of the arterial wall called?
• Which structure drains blood from the head and both upper extremities into the right atrium?
• What is indicated by an increase in blood flow following exercise or after the restoration of blood flow?
• What are the three major branches of the abdominal aorta?
• Which type of ulcer is often described as being 'punched out' in appearance?
• In upper extremity examinations, what does the pledge position refer to?
• Which of the following is considered a less important risk factor for atherosclerosis?
• The total energy contained in moving fluid is the sum of which three types of energy?
• Which of the following statements is true about CW Doppler?
• If a fistula is located close to the heart, what condition is the patient at increased risk for?
• Which condition is often associated with systematic inflammation of veins?